Nursing Code Of Ethics And Relevant Ethical Principles

Nursing Code of Ethics and Relevant Ethical Principles The International Council of Nurses (ICN) Code of Ethics for Nurses has four principal elements that shape the standards of ethical conduct within the nursing profession. These elements include the people nurses take care of and come into contact with, the practice they take part in, the profession they belong to, and the co-workers they work with (International Council of Nurses, 2012). Within these elements there are three standards nurses should follow during practice: The nurse ensures that the individual receives accurate, sufficient and timely information in a culturally appropriate manner on which to base consent for care and related treatment†¦ The nurse holds in confidence personal information and use judgement in sharing this information†¦ The nurse takes appropriate action to safeguard individuals, families and communities when their health is endangered by a co-worker or any other person (International Council of Nurses, 2012, pp. 2-4). In this paper, I will discuss how the ethical principles of autonomy and informed consent, confidentiality, and beneficence and nonmaleficence are reflected in these three standards of practice I have chosen from the ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses. According to Baillie, McGeehan, Garrett, and Garrett (2013), autonomy means a human person does not have authority and should not have power over another human person. In other words, individuals have the right to practice autonomyShow MoreRelatedNursing Code of Ethics Essay1052 Words   |  5 PagesNursing Code of Ethics Introduction Butts and Rich (1-26) point out that effective nursing requires both broad knowledge and a set of well developed abilities and skills. The required tasks, are many and varied and in order to do them properly, care must be taken to respect each patients rights and sensitivities. This is why, according to the authors, nursing care must be guided by a code of ethics. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview and discussion of the Code of EthicsRead MoreThe Complexity Of Complexity Science984 Words   |  4 PagesComplexity Science According to Butts and Rich (2015), complexity science is a knowledge founded on physics and mathematics that operates using basic principles to elucidate the connection between variables. Butts and Rich add that complexity science is a developing field of interest that is catching the attention of scholars from different disciplines because it provides a different viewpoint on various phenomena of interest. According to Sturmberg and Martin (2009), although there has been anRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Conduct1564 Words   |  7 PagesEthics is defined in multiple ways. These are considered as rules or regulations which sense the right or wrong doing related to any individual. Ethics in professional life can be defined as the sense of a person with which is responsible for controlling that routine practice of a particular person with which he can distinguish between right and wrong (Resnik, 2011). In professional fields, the importance of ethics can’t be denied. Every profes sion makes use of certain guidelines on the basis ofRead MoreInternational Nursing Ethics1550 Words   |  6 Pageslocal nursing home. At the end of the first week he was employed a colleague invited him to attend afternoon tea with a group of nursing colleagues. At the gathering they all brought out their mobile phones and shared photos they had taken of the elderly residents genitals during the week. There was a competition to guess who the genitals belonged to. Leon was invited to join this group and participate in the photo activity and competition. The scenario flagrantly voids international nursing ethicsRead MoreSymptom Management Theory ( Smt ) Of The University Of California1560 Words   |  7 Pagesal. state that their theory provides a nonspecific symptom management model to guide nursing practice and research. The SMT has three overlapping circles which contain the three domains of nursing science, also known as concepts of metaparadigm of nursing. The three nursing science domains are the person, the environment, and health illness. In the theory’s model, the dimensions are affected by the three nursing science domains (Dodd et al., 2001). According to Dodd et al. (2001), there are threeRead MoreUsing the Eight Ethical Decision Model in a Case Study1645 Words   |  7 PagesBackground: Two staff are seen carrying the old woman and throwing her onto her bed. (YouTube) A nursing home along Braddell Road has been suspended from admitting new patients with effect from 12 April after a patient was reported to have been mistreated. The incident at Nightingale Nursing Home came to light after a video of a patient being mistreated was sent to local broadcaster Mediacorp. The footage was shot by a hidden camera on a patients bedside. In the video, an elderly woman patient isRead MoreCode Of Ethics For Nurses1614 Words   |  7 PagesCode of Ethics for Nurses The American Nurses Association (ANA) established the code of ethics for nurses to serve as a foundation for practice and nursing standards. Nurses that enter the field are educated on the code of ethics and its provisions that make up the balanced foundation that is used to this day. The code of ethics is to be honored by every nurse, and every nurse should know their ethical obligation to their patients (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2015). This approach encompassesRead MoreA Careful and Meaningful Consideration of my Journey in Nursing Ethics1614 Words   |  7 PagesSystem, the patient, and the Healthcare provider. For a safe and effective nursing practice, a proper knowledge and understanding of nursing code of ethics, the definitions, concepts and principles of all stakeholders need to be recognized. My journey in Nursing Ethics has provided me with an opportunity to think over some of my life and clinical practice situations and relating whatever has been learnt to future nursing practices. Critical reflection analysis has helped me to identify some practiceRead MorePolicies, Finance, Global Prevention Initiatives And Ethical Principles797 Words   |  4 PagesPolicies, Finance, Global Prevention Initiatives and Ethical Principles Implementation of the Ryan White CARE Act of 1990 assures, people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and their families access to quality treatments (Akukwe, 2001). On July 2010, President Obama announced the National HIV/AIDS Strategy to reduce HIV incidence, optimizing better health outcomes, and to reduce HIV-related instances (Department of Veterans Affairs National HIV/AIDSRead MoreThe Moral Principles Of Health Care1040 Words   |  5 Pagesmoral principles apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine as well as in our daily life. These do not give answers as to how to handle a particular situation, but provide a useful framework for our understanding. It represents concepts and values that can set the general ethical character and approach for health care. According to Paul and Ian (2009), it provides a comprehensive description of how medical practitioners should behave but sometime It confuses the roles of ethic s and law

The Apology of Socrates Essay examples - 810 Words

Socrates is at the age of seventy and appearing in a law court for the first time. For the people of Socrates time is accusing Socrates, for miss leading the youth corrupting them and boasting about being wise, causing him to become very unpopular. Socrates says to the jury I am going to speak the whole truth, for it is me by myself that I have to defend. He says my accusers are many and I don’t know them, they say, â€Å"you should be careful not be deceived by an accomplished speaker like me† (Cohen, Curd, Reeve, 2000). The accuser goes on to say that Socrates is accomplished speaker; Socrates starts to praise them, because their lies are so good well put together, that Socrates himself is almost convinced but then he says that they do not†¦show more content†¦This made Socrates very unpopular. â€Å"As a result of this investigation, gentleman of the jury, I acquired much unpopularity, of a kind that is hard to deal with and is a heavy burden; many slander s came from these people and a reputation for wisdom, for in each case the bystanders thought that I myself possessed the wisdom that I proved that my interlocutor did not have† (Cohen, et al., 2000). Socrates says that the young men follow me, but not on my account they try to imitate what I say, which causes their fathers to be angry with me. Socrates says I have been accused of corrupting the youth, but I say Meletus is guilty of such things. For it is Meletus who does not believe in the gods of the city and corrupting the youth, Socrates and Meletus start to argue about the rights and wrongs of the law. Socrates proves his point by saying that Meletus contradicts himself, for he say that Socrates doesn’t believe in gods but Socrates I do believe in the gods. Socrates then tells the story of Troy and how Hector son of a king heir to the throne kills Achilles friend Patroclus, during the battle. This made Achilles very vengeful; his mother the goddess warned Achilles if you kill Hector out of vengeance you too will die. Achilles said to go home would be a coward move and it will be a great disgrace. What Socrates is trying to say evenShow MoreRelatedApology On Apology Of Socrates852 Words   |  4 PagesMarch 2, 2017 Apology of Socrates Socrates was a Greek philosopher and the founder of western philosophy. Plato was the student of Socrates who was very motivated by the life and teaching of Socrates. Plato was also one of the greatest Philosopher of ancient Greece. Apology is the actual recorded speech of Socrates by Plato, which was delivered at the trail to defend himself. Many people did not agree with Socrates, so they made several charges against him, which is recorded in the Apology. Some ofRead MoreSocrates And The Apology Of Socrates1322 Words   |  6 Pages Socrates is quite the unique individual compared to most, if not all, other Greeks at that time. In the Apology, Socrates gives an analogy of himself being a gadfly and that his gadfly like actions are favorable for Athens and that the actions are goods he is providing. From his service he claims to live a more private life than a public life when discussing virtue. This paper is going to discuss Socrates and his analogy of a gadfly, approach to other s about virtue, his conduct effect on democracyRead MoreThe Apology by Socrates1099 Words   |  4 PagesApology, in Socrates day, stood for defense rather than seeking forgiveness, as it is now commonly used. To Socrates, it did not matter to him whether or not he was persecuted, as long as he did what was correct. Socrates whole philosophy is that to know knowledge is to have wisdom, and to have wisdom is to know oneself. The people of Athens did not like Socrates due to both the early accusers and late accusers; however, Socrates provides an argument to put these fallacies to rest. Plato’s ApologyRead MoreSocrates and the Apology1136 Words   |  5 Pagesbest sources of information about Socrates philosophical views are the early dialogues of his student Plato, who tried to provide a faithful picture of the methods and teachings of the great master. The Apology is one of the many-recorded dialogues about Socrates. It is about how Socrates was arrested and charged with co rrupting the youth, believing in no god(s) (Atheism) and for being a Sophist. He attended his trial and put up a good argument. I believe that Socrates was wrongfully accused and shouldRead MoreApology of Socrates Summart924 Words   |  4 PagesSummary Platos The Apology is an account of the speech Socrates makes at the trial in which he is charged with not recognizing the gods recognized by the state, inventing new deities, and corrupting the youth of Athens. Socrates speech, however, is by no means an apology in our modern understanding of the word. The name of the dialogue derives from the Greek apologia, which translates as a defense, or a speech made in defense. Thus, in The Apology, Socrates attempts to defend himself andRead MoreSocrates in Apology and Crito1045 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The irreverent, disobedient Socrates of the Apology is inconsistent with the Socrates of the Crito.† Construct an argument supporting or refuting this claim. Be sure to incorporate textual evidence. In Plato’s Apology, Socrates comes off as a defiant and disobedient man with little respect for his accusers and even for the jurors on whom his fate depends. This may seem in stark contrast with the stoic Socrates in Crito who would rather accept the death sentence than let his friend Crito helpRead MoreApology and Phaedo, by Socrates833 Words   |  3 Pagesancient Greek philosopher, Socrates. In the texts that are going to be analyzed in this essay, Apology and Phaedo, are the retellings of words and thoughts of Socrates by Plato, a pupil and admirer of Socrates. Both texts lecture about the topic of death and though both are the thoughts of Socrates at different times of his life, they have similar and contrasting views on the outlook of death. The Apology is the most authentic account that has been preserved of Socrates defense of himself as itRead MoreSocrates’ Speech in Apology975 Words   |  4 Pagesa warning to Socrates. Aristophanes is a â€Å"friendly critic† of Socrates and warns Socrates to change his ways for Athens and for the good of himself (Whidden). Plato’s Symposium and especially his Apology of Socrates justify the claims made in Clouds about the dangers of philosophy and Socrates to the public, even if Plato’s Socrates is less exaggeratedly hubristic than the Socrates in Clouds. Socrates takes the warning from the Clouds seriously. In Socrates’ speech in Apology, he disregardsRead MoreSocrates Apology Of Plato s Apology981 Words   |  4 PagesPart I: Essay Outline Question #2 At 23b of Plato s Apology Socrates claims to be wiser than his interlocutors because, unlike them, he does not think he knows what he does not know. Question: Is this self-assessment genuinely meaningful or is it merely clever word play? Thesis Statement: I think Socrates’ message behind his speech to his interlocutors was to both state his superior wisdom and gain the attention while doing so. Outline I. Introduction A. Opening Statement 1. What is wisdomRead MoreSocrates Apology Analysis1149 Words   |  5 Pages In her analysis of Socrates’s frame of work, Roslyn Weiss defends Socrates to seeker of knowledge. Weiss argues that Socrates should be viewed as a skeptical inquirer because of his pursuit to what is x? As Weiss puts it, Socrates is aware of his own ignorance and knows that one cannot know what things are by simply using definitions. She emphasized for one to a teacher, one must be an expert. From this point of view, it can be inferred that to teach someone you must have all the background and

Education in Nazi Germany †History Change Free Essays

Education in Nazi Germany – Change and Continuity Assessment When Hitler became Chancellor of Nazi Germany, in 1935, he proposed many changes in education and throughout the country. He believed that these changes would influence people and indigenise them of his beliefs and reforms that should happen in the country – to praise his glory and make Germany the most powerful country and its rule to continue forever. One of these integral changes was education. We will write a custom essay sample on Education in Nazi Germany – History Change or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hitler strongly believed that, younger minds were easier to infiltrate and indoctrinate, as they were developing and imposed this sudden change amongst schoolchildren to provoke stronger Nazism in the future generation of Germans. Older generations, could oppose and have opinions to disapprove Hitler’s ideas. So, the Nazis changed education drastically to mould these children for the future of Germany. However, some parts of education were vital for basic human needs and could not be changed. In contrast, they were continued but they were portrayed in such a way, which would influence the way a German child thought, in that time. They introduced a lot of changes to education, from the days of teaching to the subjects that had to be taught or taken out of the curriculum; which also had a lot of Nazi indoctrination in them. All of the changes that were introduced had a major impact on children, as Dr Bernhard Rust pointed out that, â€Å"The whole function of education is to create Nazis† which highlighted that indoctrination was a key fundamentality in education to induce Nazism. One major change was starting school at 8:00 am sharply and a higher emphasis on sport and keeping fit. This is because, Hitler wanted to create a future generations of tough and strong soldiers, that would fight for his country – so unfortunately for most boys, this would be the discipline in the army and Hitler exactly wanted then to be ‘trained for the army’. Hitler had always said that,’ boys had to be as swift as a greyhound’ which highlights the idea of leadership, strength and power amongst boys. Moreover, boys had to play football, rugby, and boxing to toughen them up. PE was also heavily enforced upon girls, as they were the future mothers and wives of the future generation of soldiers. Also, they needed to be fertile and to be able to have the strength to give birth to healthy children. Furthermore, PE took up 15% of the education and boys who failed to pass fitness tests were to be expelled from schools and could be discriminated by the older students as a laughing stock. This attitude, inspired children to be tough and strong to serve their ‘Fatherland’ (Germany) and in a way frightened them. Also, it can be interpreted that this also invoked discrimination against the Jews. Further evidence to support the idea of keeping fit, is a line from a German newspaper which suggests that the ultimate aim of sport was to have enough men fit for the army. This deploys the idea of that Hitler purely wanted the future generation to fight for him. We can trust the provenance of the source, as it’s from a German teacher’s newspaper and we know that, Hitler arranged teachers into the League of Teachers so this is a valid piece of evidence. Exceedingly, a picture from a children’s textbook in the 1930s from Nazi Germany denotes a sketch of children in army uniform with weapons. This is clearly a heavily signified indoctrination, as it connects with the sports and inspires children to become like that. It can be interpreted that, Hitler and the Nazi party knew that children could be infiltrated through play and education and visual learning; so included subliminal messages in their learning to become Nazi. In addition, another change that the Nazis introduced was a change to the lessons itself and the days of education to supply enough deployment of brainwashing that would mould their character. New lessons were introduced and lessons that were thought of unnecessary were removed. Eugenics, Race Studies, Ideology and P. E were some of the new lessons introduced. These lessons had a lot of Nazism in them, such as Eugenics and Race Studies which taught children that German (pseudo Aryan race) were superior than others, and how others were inferior – Jews, Gypsies, Black, Czech, Slavs etc. Moreover, R. E was removed and replaced by Ideology as Dr Rust and Hitler had pointed out that the main thing was to focus of patriotism and the ideas of Hitler, to be reinforced amongst students. Evidence to support this is, is a German speaking about her life story and said it was really boring to learn about Hitler’s ideals. This source is useful, as it supplies information of experiences; however it can be said that they may have difficulties remembering and often the German people don’t want to take the blame for Hitler’s tyranny, so this is a source worth considering. Also, to reiterate, religion amongst German children was changed as in a girls’ timetable singing is a lesson that is taught a lot. In singing, Dr Rust enforced prayers and songs of praise that highlighted Hitler’s glory. Also, the amount of time on religion was reduced and attendance at school prayers was optional. This suggests that, the sole purpose was to only strive for Hitler. These songs, such as a German man remembered, were praises to Hitler and gave a goal to the children to ultimately fight for Hitler. To point out, women were also considered inferior to men, as they couldn’t continue their further education to obtain jobs. Also, the girls’ timetable shows the attributes of a housewife – such as domestic science, hygiene, sex education, childcare – eugenics and biology were heavily taught for the purpose of selective breeding amongst all races – the perfect ‘Aryan’ match. Similarly, Dr Rust was called unstable as he used to immediately change school-days and curriculum to pressurise propaganda and Nazi attributes on children. For example, he made Saturday as a Youth Day, where children from the Hitler Youth went for school tests, army camping, and ‘fun activities’ where the main idea was to completely brainwash children to become robot-soldiers for Hitler. Moreover, some evidence suggests that children used to turn in their own parents if they said anything against Hitler. According to interpretations, this would more likely to be true as they were mostly propagandised by their education and became like soldiers – to fight for ‘justice. ’ Moreover, many teachers that opposed were sacked and others were in the League of Teachers. Some opposing teachers stood there in the silence; however, they couldn’t do anything. Dr Schuster, a geography teacher (1938) highlighted that he wanted to teach real geography and create non-Nazis with other similar teachers – however Nazi soldiers were in the way. He also said that they cannot have a newspaper or a conference. This denotes the tight security of the Nazis in the school as they didn’t want anything to get in their way. In my opinion, children would be heavily indoctrinated that they might not have the willingness to oppose or might be in the fear of persecution by the Nazis. Notwithstanding, not all lessons could not be changed but the way they were delivered had a lot of impact. Such as, the clip on indoctrination of Nazi Germany shows that Maths was taught by measuring the angles of shooting and had a lot of military twist. Similarly, chemistry and physics were taught constructing the efficiency of warfare weaponry and devising new guerrilla, military aviation science and chemicals. Also, geography and history talked more about Germany’s glorious past and it needed a lot of living space (Lebensraum) by conquering nearby countries as they were a superior race. This would be conditioned in a child’s mind and they would think it is right to invade other countries for Germany; as they’re highest of all. This is source is more useful, as it is itself a recording from an actual lesson with photographs of textbooks. So, there was continuity in the lessons however, with a great impact of the way Hitler wanted it. Also, some lessons were taught more of – to reiterate the greatness of Nazism. In my opinion the questions to ask the pupils are- why were you against your parents and turned on them? Why didn’t you oppose and protest – you were the future generation, so your generation with the help of other voices could’ve protested. However, this was not possible, as children wanted to join the Hitler Youth as there were activities and enough influence was done, to mould them. Moreover, anti-Semitism, hatred towards Germany’s ‘infidels’ was forever show in textbooks. Further evidence suggests that, textbooks such as maths textbooks contained the right theory, but had a twist. For example, a question would be written to discriminate Jews and mentally ill people as a burden in society. In addition, textbooks would show these ‘infidels’ as sinners i. e. a German textbook of1935 showed Jews being laughed at and bullying the Aryans. This would gradually strengthen in a child’s mind to show hatred towards them and increase their dedication on Hitler and the Aryans. Moreover, a modern textbook on Nazi Germany explains that children having different opinions on Jews from home put a family in trouble. A quote – ‘My daddy says not all Jews are vile. His daddy was put into prison. ’ This was practiced to reinforce anti-Semitism in all and so that people notice this and are possibly in fear to support Hitler. This can be trusted, as we know that the Nazis were mentally dehumanised and so persistently cruel, that they would do this. The Jews would’ve been significantly affected, as there was a lot of adverse discrimination on them, and with the growing indoctrination of children, the hatred would increase. Finally, change and continuity of education in Nazi Germany aimed to literally create a sense of discrimination, an acceptance of Hitler’s ideas, and to create willing soldiers to fight for Hitler. From 1933-1945 Nazi Germany changed a lot, from increasing its empire and destroying Jews, to the loss of the war. This education had a big impact on how children thought, and how they would think. In my opinion, P. E. was not an issue that gave a major impact, as children are meant to be active and they have to play. However, the most significant change was the continuity with a lot of military impact and the way it was taught differently. Logical subjects such as maths and science, would already impact people to think logically, so the addition of Nazism would have a greater impact on the children making them think more about this. More to the point, the introduction of the new subjects would also massively impact the children, as they have not thoroughly studied the older ones so they couldn’t differentiate between fact and opinion or truth and false. The most significant evidence is of the textbooks as they were actually written and directed by Dr Rust and his quotes support the idea of Nazism so that is reliable. Also, the filming is actual evidence of what happened. Despite of the technology, we cannot always rely on the filming. The anti-Semitism indoctrinated people the most, and influenced them a lot having hatred and dehumanisation sense against the Jews to become blindly loyal towards Hitler and to fight for him. Germany’s population at the beginning of WWII was approximately 70 million -, 12. 5 million served in the German Army. This just shows that, how many men were selected and joined the army after so much indoctrination. We can see the result of the teaching; which created Germans with new inventions such as the Blitzkrieg, new weapons etc. How to cite Education in Nazi Germany – History Change, Essay examples

VPN and Cryptography Tutorial

Question: Discuss about the VPN and Cryptography Tutorial. Answer: Introduction: The digital forensic is quite an old field which has taken up the rise in the near future itself, in the early 1900, the digital investigation was not so organized and no standard procedures were laid down, it was in the 21st century that standard procedures came and all the standard procedures were laid down. The Digital forensic is not limited to data recovery and collection but also includes data validation, data authorization and it verification. The proper guidelines made it possible to provide the best in class forensics and that the proof foolproof and can be presented as digital evidence in the court of law. With the increase of digital technology in the world, there is an increase in number of cybercrimes around the world. These evidences should be fool proof as it is the matter of life and death when the crimes are to be proved. In order to recover the different types of files like MS Word, MS Excel, MS ppt or database files that can be done using the Recovery Software. The recovery can be done and data should be verified using the SHA-1, because if the data is tampered to manage the data and verify it these hash values comes quite handy in order to verify the data. Hash calculations are very important and as important as recovery and proof management. The data recovery is dependent upon: These factors could be a hindrance for recovery and data collection, using some of the advance tools and techniques for data and finding the criminal. The recovered data is then stored on the external sources like HDD or cloud and respective hashes are also saved. The hashing helps in verifying the data and manage the resources and techniques efficiently. References MD5 and Sha 1 algorithm - VPN and cryptography Tutorial. (2017). Internet-computer-security.com. Retrieved 5 April 2017, from https://www.internet-computer-security.com/VPN-Guide/Sha-1.html What Are MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-256 Hashes, and How Do I Check Them?. (2017). Howtogeek.com. Retrieved 5 April 2017, from https://www.howtogeek.com/67241/htg-explains-what-are-md5-sha-1-hashes-and-how-do-i-check-them/

Identification, Placement, or Provision of Appropriate Instruction to Low Income Gifted Students

Arsenal Football Club Essays

Arsenal Football Club Essays Arsenal Football Club Essay Arsenal Football Club Essay Singled out is Martina Navratilova, who had twenty-two advisers on board at one point, look where see got. This though a freak occasion, or pure talent, or a valuable well-organised team effort through her entourage?  Glenn Hoddle and his England team have a whole host of coaches making up their team, a nutritionist, fitness instructors, doctors, the works, it seems to work for them too, though these are clearly at the higher end of the scale somewhat. Alma Thomas, a sports psychologist by trade, says, that her role is not to interfere but to aid and support and try not to be seen as an intruder in the coach/athlete relationship. (adapted from Coaching Focus 35 p12) She also explains how she should fit in with the athletes programme, not the other way round.  There have been alternatives suggestions to what we should do to progress. But the way forward seems to indicate a handful in particular. Train the coaches, educate the coaches, set standards, (so that external team coaches are unnecessary). With the range of abilities across the coaching spectrum varying, it would seem wise that a programme of coaching education is the key step forward in order to achieve this kind of set standard. This then should provide all coaches with relevant knowledge, it will educate them, and they will get to learn of the latest developments, which may be of use to them. Also they will learn to recognise, they will learn to know if or when they need outside help, when they feel its necessary.  Many believe and J.S. Clavert writes, there should be a move in order to provide more full-time courses, leading to sports coaching qualifications across the country. Arsene Wenger, the current Arsenal Football Club manager, is an example of how coaches can be educated, he is knowledgeable in the field of nutrition and exercise physiology, via his knowledge and experience has many clear changes to some of the Arsenal regime.  With regards to education, Claverts has identified one such institution who does just this, The Dumfermline College of Physical Education, in Scotland, they offer courses which,  prepares coaches for high-level coaching and positions of responsibility within coaching, by providing them with the necessary knowledge, skills and professional expertise. This is just one example, more institutions, courses, such as this will be crucial in the role of education.  Many of our present coaches are either ex- or even current school teachers, or former players, athletes themselves. Many dont have the relevant skills required to guide performers to the very top, thats why Geoff Cooke, suggests a multi-discipline of team coaches, but with a coach education programme, this would reduce the need for such an approach somewhat.  Sue Campbell puts forward that, in the future most countries will have a national education system for coaches, this hopefully will ensure coaches obtain a required standard of competence. It must be noted that coaching education doesnt stop once youve graduated as such, but should be a continuing on going process, where the coach would go back for refreshers and new news.  Ideas for plans for a National, British Academy of Sport, to follow suit of that of the Australians are in developments, and is a long over due welcomed move.  Though in theory its sound, to suggest that coaches should or would be coaches, should attend relevant full-time courses, time is crucial to all of us, anyone who is willing to put the effort and time in, in order to be the best that they can will be looking for some kind of return, this return may well and is likely to be a career in the coaching field. How many coaches are full-time coaching professional presently? This then is yet another stepping stone which must be addressed, the coach as a professional. With the ever increasing change from amateurism to professionalism in our former amateur sports, this emphasises the way in which these sports are trying to raise their profile and performance. Nowadays with more and more professional performers in the so-called or former amateur sports for example athletics, surely then there is a need for more professional coaches as well, to work in turn with these people. Though Peter Treadwell (Senior Lecturer at S Glamorgan I of HE for PE), says, there is a danger as we strive for greater professionalism, that we run the risk of brutalising and demeaning athletes. So we must be cautious, and not try to run before we can walk.  John Lyle backs up the idea of education and professionalism when he says, we should clear the way for improved coach education, and professional development. He feels that these are the best options to move forwards. Another way forward as discussed is to have these partnerships between the coach and other specialised disciplines, though this is more practical at the elite end of the scale as previously mentioned, it must be managed effectively to work beneficially, (But with more highly qualified coaches through an education programme, it may not be so necessary.)  The feeling is that it is not realistic to believe that the coach will be educated competently enough in all the disciplines to be able to do without external help at times, one day, once weve got these highly qualified well educated, professionals with the national standard of coaching, would it almost eradicate the need for these helpers, but as mentioned the individual disciplines are branching out so fast it might be considered impossible then for just one coach to keep up especially in the pursuit of excellence. The practical way forward seems to suggest a combination of ingredients, add in some coaching education, and add with it a national standard, this can be done via courses, seminars etc. after this has settled down, add in a little bit of professionalism, (so coaches can dedicate all their time and focus on the one thing entirely), then if needed sprinkle together some partnerships with these specialised, knowledgeable experts in their separate disciplines. The evidence from the information Ive looked at seems to indicate that the way forwards in the development of excellence and for higher success rates and better performances in games medal tables etc.., as I would have to agree with Geoff Cooke, is the, team approach, partnerships are the key steps forwards in order to achieve excellence, but better still is the combination of the lot, (professionalism, education programmes, national standards) if and only if managed competently.

Lean Manufacturing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Lean Manufacturing - Essay Example HR departments are the primary change agents in most of the organizations. The aim of this paper is to look at the Human Resources approach regarding lean manufacturing in today’s world. The idea is to relate human resources contribution in the process of lean production which cannot be overlooked by today’s organizations. This paper will determine how decisions are taken by the human resource department, how the human resource department develops policies, and practices for the organization and how effectively the change processes are handled in the organization. It will also clarify what strategic HRM issues should be considered to bring about any cultural and fundamental change within organizations. The policies and practices developed by human resource departments represent important forces that shape employee behavior and attitudes. Human resource department needs to take a number of actions if it wants to deal with the changes regarding culture and wants to make it more customer-responsive. The commitment at the organizational level is enhanced with a positive culture and this also allows improvements to be observed in employee behavior. This certainly acts as a strong benefit for the organization. From the perspective of an employee, the organizational culture is valued highly and it also reduces the level of ambiguity (Oliver, 2006). On the other hand, it should also be noted that cultural changes are not easily acceptable by employees. Resistance is observed from employees when the element of change is observed in organizations and this resistance may create obstacles in the accomplishment of goals and objectives of the organization. Our broad problem area in this case would be an area requiring improvement. ‘Lean Manufacturing’ into an organization is seen to bring a number of benefits, i.e. efficiency savings, improved productivity, waste reduction (Genaidy, 2003). But it is felt

Evaluate an argument from the Bouwsma reading Essay

Evaluate an argument from the Bouwsma reading - Essay Example Therefore, this is not a valid argument since the premise is weak (Bouwsma 141). .The second argument states that if we are able to detect the deception through the five senses, then we are not deceived about the world around. Bouwsma states that if the evil genius decides to deceive us and we do not notice, we will be deceived. For instance, if he misleads us in to thinking that everything that exists in nature such as people, flowers, and trees is mere paper, we will be deceived if we do not use the five senses. This is because the evil genius uses illusions by making things look and sound like the real things. He creates illusions because he knows they will easily make us mistake things for what they are not; thus, deceiving us. Bouwsma (144) gives an example of Tom, who experiences the illusion that everything around him is just paper. However, tom is not deceived because he to detects the illusion and differentiate the real flowers from paper. The plan of the evil genius was to make paper look so much like flowers that Tom would not tell the difference, but Tom recognized the difference. Thus, if we are able to detect deception using the five senses, then we are not deceived about the world around. Therefore, were can conclude that this argument is valid because the premise is true (Bouwsma 145). .The third argument states that if we are not able to detect the deception through the five senses, then we are not deceived about the world around. As Bouwsma states, the evil genius uses illusions to deceive people, and for us to detect these illusions we must be able to use the five senses; thus, detect deception. If Tom would be able to detect the illusion in these things, then he would have been deceived. However, according to, the evil genius can detect illusion. For this reason, he sees the illusion and can sense the real thing, which human beings cannot sense. Thus, the

Tempering Justice With Mercy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Tempering Justice With Mercy - Essay Example When arguing on the basis of proportionality of punishment, people tend to question the effect of mercy on justice, whether mercy makes victims receive more punishment in legal the system than they deserve or that people receive less punishment than they deserve. This is because when mercy is considered in the process of delivering justice, it would either lead to a sentence being either lower than deserving of a victim or make a victim get lesser sentence than a crime deserves. This dilemma has made many question the appropriateness of fusing justice with mercy and thus tempering justice with mercy. Whiles some reason that mercy is necessary in ensuring that people receive the most proportionate form of punishment due to the nature and circumstances surrounding their crime, there are others who have said that mercy often make people take less than they deserve for their crime and thus serve as an indictment on the legal system. In this paper, the issue of tempering justice with mercy is given a very critical and well researched overview. This is because it is commonly thought that if judges in criminal cases are obliged to do justice, justice must always be allowed to prevail without any disruptions with mercy. In the same manner, prosecutors and parole boards are expected to exercise discretion with maximum justice.

Study And Introduction Of Malacca

Study And Introduction Of Malacca There is a popular story about how the Malacca was found by Parameswara when he was hunting and while resting under a tree, one of his dogs cornered a mouse-deer or in malay we called it pelandok The mouse-deer in its defense attacked by dog even force it into the river water. Parameswara decided to name this place as Malacca after saw the bravely of that mouse deer. The name of Malacca was come from the melaka tree that was shading Parameswara. In the history of Malaysia, the Malacca Sultanate was occupies a special position in Malacca. It was the beginning of the new Malay empire and as the birthplace of the Malay Sultanate and historical city. Malacca also became a stage on which the Portuguese, Dutch, British, Japanese played out their roles in the history of Malacca. After Parameswara occupation Malacca, he began noticed that Malacca actually was a strong maritime trading state. After that, Because of its strategic location, it thrived as a center of entreport trade with merchant who came from other places and Malacca starts concentrating their activities around the world such as Pedir and Pasai. China also became a important role in trading network of Malacca. In 1511, Malacca fall to Portuguese and followed by the Dutch in 1641. When the Netherlands was captured during the Napoleonic Wars, Dutch pass the Malacca to British to prevent it falling to French in 1795. After that, during 1818, Malacca was return to Dutch under the treaty of Vienna but later Malacca was exchange by the British for Bangkahulu in Sumatra. From 1826 onwards, Malacca, Penang and Singapore was combine as Straits Settlement by British East India Company and Straits Settlement was under the Straits Settlement administration in Calcutta. After the Dutch occupation the Malacca for over century, Dutch was left many fine buildings marking their heritage. For example, Stadthuys, which is a strikingly pink town hall and it became the oldest Dutch building in Malacca. Another building is red Christ Church which is constructed with pink brick. The most prominent reminders building were the A Famosa and St. Pauls Church in Malacca. After World War II, in 20 February 1956, Our Malaysias first Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra was proclamation of Independence of Malaysia. Where is Melaka located in Malaysia Melaka road map via the North-South Highway Malacca is located on the Western Coast of Peninsular Malaysia facing the Straits of Malacca. The state of Malacca is between the states of Negeri Sembilan and Johor. Malacca can be reached by excellent road which is PLUS highway from Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. Malacca is serviced by a good network of leading to all the historical places and Malaccas area of around 658 square kilometers and it is divided into three districts which is Melaka Tengah, Jasin and Alor Gajar. The population of Malacca is around 648,000 in year 2001 and comprises of Malays 50%, Chinese 40% and the rest included Indians, Chitty people and Kristang. The major towns of Malacca are Ayer Keroh, Jasin, Merlimau, Pulau Sebang, Masjid Tanah, Alor Gajar, and Malacca Town. Food and beverage in Malacca. There have many famous foods in Malacca; one of the famous foods is baba nyonya style spicy cooking which normally gets served with coconut milk. There are many specialist baba nyonya restaurants in town. The baba-nyonya food not only known to be the best in Malacca, but in the South East Asia region too. Besides that, Malacca also has satay celup which is Satay stick with raw meat dipped in hot bolling satay sauce for cooking. ikan bakar which literally means barbecue fish served in grilled aluminium foil or banana leaf heavily marinated with spices that tingle the senses. Chicken rice ball which is the rice pudding shape like a golf ball and you can dip with chilly and served with chicken. Furthermore, the oyster omelette served in stirs fried egg, spring onions and sweet or spicy paste. In Malacca Portuguese village, there has a few speciality tongue burning dished which is will let your stomach growling whole night after a heavy meal, the dished serving there normally are spicy food. About the beverage, Malacca also have few famous beverage to drink. First is the Cin-Cau, a kind of dark grass jelly drink which has a cooling effect is popularly served at restaurants. ice kacang which is a dessert made of shaved ice with red beans, nuts, jelly and many more. Besides that, cendol is a kind a pandan flavoured jelly served in coconut milk and it has been improvise on the cendol and invented the durian flavoured cendol. The durian cendol is popular with the local tourist but the aroma of durian cendol is a bit pungent for foreign tourist. Another favourite is the Bubur Cha Cha, a sweet dessert made from steamed sweet potatoes, yam, white beans, tapioca jelly in coconut milk. Places of interest in Malacca A Famosa 2011505-A_Famosa-Melaka.jpg A Famosa, or the Famous is among the oldest surviving European architectural remain in Asia during the Portuguese occupation Malacca in 1511. In 1511, a Portuguese fleet arrived under the command of Alfonso de Albequerque and attacked the Malacca. Portuguese was successfully defeated he armies of the native Sultanate and Albequerque order built the fortress around a natural hill near the sea. He believed that Malacca would become an important trading port between Portugal and China. At this time Portuguese also establishing others outposts such as China, Goa, India and Macau to create a friendly ports for ships heading to China or returning home to Portugal. Ayer Keroh Air Keroh is lies about 15kn from Malacca town and it is a tourist complex with hotels, Mini Asean, Mini Malaysia, crocodile farm, a reptile park, butterfly farm, aquarium, zoo, golf resort, and recreational forest. Bukit China burial ground Bukit China is situated southeast of Malacca Town; there are more than 12,500 graves on Bukit China and approximately 20 Muslim tombs. The existence of the Muslim tombs has made this more special and unique. The oldest tomb in Bukit China is a double burial which is more than three centuries old. The oldest tomb is Mr. Mrs Huang Wei-Hung was built in the second year of Tian Hee of Ming Dynasty (1622). In 1933, Cheng Hoon temple had undertaken to repair it because of the weather had taken a heavy toll on that tomb. In 2001, the tomb was again restored and a stone inscription was erected to mark it. Bukit ChinaBukit China During the British occupation Malacca, British had several times try to acquire Bukit China for development purposes, road widening and land reclamation. But Cheng Hoon Temple had have authorized strongly opposed these attempts because the hill is responsible by them. At the end Cheng Hoon Temple managed to preserve Bukit China with the support of the general public. The reasons of Cheng Hoon Temple preserve it because Bukit China is the place where early traders from China were buried. Many if the Chinese traders came to this country with high expectations for success in trade and it was stated o the stone steles. But unfortunately, some traders died before fulfilling their ambitions. Since the Chinese traders families did not travel with them, so there was nobody to pray for their souls. As such, prayers were initiated by the Chinese Kapitans for them. However, Bukit China were always hampered by heavy rainfalls and strong winds because there was no proper shelter. Cheng Hong Teng s Temple Cheng Hoon Tengs Temple This site is dedicated to the vision of Cheng Hoon Tengs founders and the determination of its devotees to preserve their unique bastion of culture and heritage. Cheng Hoon Tengs Temple is a premier historical monument and it remains the finest of Chinese temples in Malaysia. The temple ranks among the most significant in Southeast Asia, being central to the spiritual aspirations of the Chinese community in historic Malacca. Christ Church Christ Church Christ Church situated near Jalan Laksamana and Jalan Gereja in Malacca city. In 1753, Christ Church was built by Dutch to commemorate a century of their rule. It was reputed as the oldest protestant church in Malaysia and now is an Anglican Church. The beams of the Church were constructed from cutting and carving from a single tree and have no joints. The building shows the ingenuity of the Dutch architectural world. The hand-made pews dated back some 200 years. The altar is a beautiful piece of the Last Supper done in glazed tiles. Gadek Hot Spring Gadek Hot Spring Gadek Hot Spring was located in District of Alor Gajar, 30 km away from Malacca. It was believed that local villagers discovered the hot spring in the forest after watching some English soldiers settled around the spring. After the war, visitors from far and wide discovered that the hot spring had strong healing elements unlike many that they had encountered before. Today visitors can enjoy the spa pool or the Soak In Pool for those seeking therapeutic cure for skin ailments. Gadek Hot Spring was an ideal spot for family outing. Hang Jebats Mausoleum Hang Jebats Mausoleum Hang Jebat was the champion of justice who died a tragic death. Hang Jebat was unceremoniously killed by Hang Tuah in a duel of honour that lasted 3 days and 3 nights. He ran amuck after suffering a fatal wound from Hang Tuahs dagger Keris Taming Sari. In the name of justice to avenge the Sultans hasty punishment against Hang Tuah for a crime he didnt commit. Hang Jebat was accused by Hang Tuah of derhaka (contumacy). The duel between two of Malaccas most prominent knights has left a permanent question as to the moral behind Hang Jebats aberrant reaction against authority and the conventions by which Hang Tuah exercised his conduct as a loyal subject of the Sultan. Jonker Street Jonker Street Jalan Hang Jebat, as known as Jonker Street, is known worldwide among famous antique collectors as one of the best places to hunt and bargain for antiques. It was A definite haven for antique collectors and bargain hunters. Authentic artifacts and relics. some dating as far back as 300 years, can be found among a host of interesting collectibles, each with its own history and mystery. Melakas Sultanate Palace Melakas Sultanate Palace Malacca Sultanate Palace is an exquisite piece of Malay architecture and is a replica of the original 15th century palace of Malaccas extinct Sultanate. The palace is built based on sketches found in the ancient Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals). This wooden replica of the Sultans palace houses the Malacca Cultural Museum. Facing the palace is the Historic City Memorial Garden. An intriguing monument to commemorate the declaration of Malacca as a Historic City is the showpiece of this garden. The monument is topped with a replica of a Malay royal headdress, a symbol of Malaysians allegiance to the throne.

There Are No Children Here Essay example -- Essays Papers

There Are No Children Here Alex Kotlowitz was a freelance journalist. In 1985 a friend came to him and asked him to write a text for a photo essay he was doing on (children living in poverty) for a Chicago magazine. That is when he met the Rivers brothers, Lafeyette, age ten, and Pharoah age seven. He spent only a few hours with them interviewing for the photo essay. Lafeyette had an impact on Kotlowitz. When asked what he wanted to be, Lafeyette responded with "If I grow up, I'd like to be a bus driver." Meaning, at ten years old, he wasn't sure if he'd make it to adulthood. In 1988 Kotlowitz suggested to the boys' mother, LaJoe, the idea of writing a book about Pharoah, Lafeyette and the other children in the neighborhood. LaJoe liked the idea. However, she then said, "But you know, there are no children here. They've seen too much to be children." Alex Kotlowitz entitled his book, There Are No Children Here. It is a story of two brothers growing up in a housing project of Chicago. By the author following the boys throughout their day to day lives, we, the readers, are also enveloped in the boys' surroundings. We learn about their everyday lives, from how they pick out their clothes, to how they wash them. We go to school with them and we play with them. Throughout the book, we are much like flies on the wall. We see and feel everything the boys' go through at Henry Horner Homes, the project where they live. LaJoe moved into the Henry Horner...

Jamcracker Questions Essay

The factors that drive the ASPs emergence are )Increasing cost of specialized software that have far exceeded the price range of small-medium businesses. 2)Usual urgency of a company to set up a IT capability internally – which is similar to the infrastructure already used/developed by many companies 3)Less investment for the base functionalities (which are provided by ASP) of an IT firm 4)Companies’ urge to support their services 24*7 unlike the traditional business operations 5)Optimizing the number of IT staff inside the organization so that some of the required functionalities could be cosourced or outsourced to an ASP 6)Companies’ move towards mobile workforce Q2) How does Jamcracker fit in the ASP space? Explain the Jamcracker business model. Jamcracker’s business model was based on the ASP concept. But it wasn’t exactly the ASP. Rather, Jamcracker cooperated with ASP partners to combine application services through its enterprise IT management platform – â€Å"Jamcracker Enterprise†- into comprehensive offerings, including technical support and billing. For example, an ASP that provided an email application and another that provided desktop productivity application could, via Jamcracker technology, appear to the customer as an integrated service package. Customers could pick and choose from an â€Å"a la carte† menu of the applications in the virtual â€Å"ASP cafeteria†. Jam cracker would then provide those application services in a â€Å"IT department in a box†. This implies that the customer would maintain a single contractual relationship with the Jamcracker rather than numerous relationships with specialized ASPs. Users would login to the Jamcracker platform once rather than separately onto each of the ASP platform. Jamcracker’s Business Model The above explained â€Å"ASP Aggregation† methodology accomplished by Jamcracker solved problems inherent in the traditional ASP approach such as high customer acquisition cost, conflict between breadth of ASP offerings and scale economies and Data sharing. Revenues -The monthly fees that the customers paid for using Jamcracker’s Enterprise -A modest setup fee -Per-user-per-month fee for access to Jamcracker service infrastructure Reason: Network Effect Customers get the suppliers and the suppliers in turn get the customers – which could get a better deal for the customers from the suppliers and a lower cost of distribution for the suppliers – and end as a virtuous cycle for all the involved parties. Mainly Targeted Areas before targeting the huge clients such as â€Å"fortune 500† -The midsized â€Å"unfortunate 5000† companies since they cant afford huge IT investments and hence would go f$or ASPs -simple applications such as email, expense reporting etc web-native applications Q3) Identify critical challenges that Jamcracker must address to create a credible and sustainable business model. The following challenges must be addressed by Jamcracker to sustain in their business model. -Reselling and branding issues should be considered in a case-by-case manner and not as a whole -Educating its customers in the details of the new ASP ntegrator approach to reduce their IT investments -Making the existing ASP integrator infrastructure more robust as the business grew rapidly -Need for professional services that would help and support its customers to convert their legacy data to ASP based system which would easily confide their trust in ASPs and in Jamcracker through which the customers would avail the ASP integrator services from Jamcracker over the long run. -Addressing the customer’s concerns over the ASP model’s service levels, data security and privacy so that the customers would feel secured with the ASP technology.

Christening Ships, Champagne, and Superstition

Christening Ships, Champagne, and Superstition The ceremony of christening new ships began in the distant past, and we know that Romans, Greeks, and Egyptians all held ceremonies to ask the gods to protect sailors. By the 1800s the christenings of ships began to follow a familiar pattern. A â€Å"christening fluid† would be poured against the bow of the ship, though it was not necessarily wine or Champagne. There are accounts in U.S. Navy records of 19th-century warships being christened with water from significant American rivers. The christening of ships became great public events, with large crowds assembled to witness the ceremony. And it became standard for Champagne, as the most elite of wines, to be used for the christening. The tradition developed that a female would do the honors and be named the sponsor of the ship. Also, maritime superstition held that a ship that wasn’t properly christened would be considered unlucky, and a champagne bottle that didnt break was a particularly bad omen. The Christening of the Maine When the U.S. Navy’s new battle cruiser, the Maine, was christened at the Brooklyn Navy Yard in 1890, enormous crowds turned out. An article in the New York Times on November 18, 1890, the morning of the ship’s launching, described what was to happen. And it stressed the responsibility weighing on 16-year-old Alice Tracy Wilmerding, the granddaughter of the secretary of the Navy: Miss Wilmerding will have the precious quart bottle secured to her wrist by a short bunch of ribbons, which will serve the same purpose as a sword knot. It is of the utmost importance that the bottle be broken on the first throw, for the bluejackets will declare the vessel is unmanageable if she is permitted to get into the water without first being christened. It is consequently a matter of deep interest to the old â€Å"shellbacks† to learn that Miss Wilmerding has performed her task successfully. An Elaborate Public Ceremony The next day’s edition provided surprisingly detailed coverage of the christening ceremony: Fifteen thousand people – on the word of the watchman at the gate – swarmed about the red hull of the giant battle ship, on the decks of all the assembled vessels, in the upper stories and on the roofs of all the adjacent buildings. The raised platform at the point of the Maine’s ram bow was prettily draped with flags and flowers and upon it with Gen. Tracy and Mr. Whitney stood a party of ladies. Prominent among them was the Secretary’s granddaughter, Miss Alice Wilmerding, with her mother. It was upon Miss Wilmerding that all eyes centred. That young lady, clad in a cream white skirt, a warm black jacket, and a big dark hat with light feathers, wore her honors with a very modest dignity, being fully sensible of the importance of her position. She is scarcely sixteen years old. Her hair in a long braid fell gracefully down her back, and she chatted with her more elderly companions with perfect ease, as though entirely ignorant of the fact that 10,000 pairs of eyes were looking toward her. The bottle of wine which her hands were to break over the formidable bow was a pretty thing indeed – quite too pretty, she said, to be offered up on the shrine of so unfeeling a monster. It was a pint bottle, covered with a network of fine cord. Wound around its full length was a ribbon bearing a picture of the Maine in gold, and from its base hung a knot of varicolored silk pennants ending in a gold tassel. Around its neck were two long ribbons bound in gold lace, one white and one blue. At the ends of the white ribbon were the words, â€Å"Alice Tracy Wilmerding, November 18, 1890,† and at the ends of the blue were the words, â€Å"U.S.S. Maine.† The Maine Enters the Water When the ship was released from restraints, the crowd erupted. â€Å"She moves!† burst from the crowd, and a great cheer went up from the lookers-on, whose excitement, no longer pent up, ran wild. Above all the uproar could be heard Miss Wilmerding’s clear voice. â€Å"I christen thee Maine† she said, accompanying her words with a smash of the bottle hard against the steel of the cruiser’s bow – a performance attended by a great splashing of the effervescent wine, which flew all over the coats of Secretary Tracy and his close companion, ex-Secretary Whitney. The USS Maine, of course, holds a unique place in history as it exploded and sank in Havana harbor in 1898, an event which led to the Spanish-American War. Stories later circulated that the ship’s christening had portended bad luck, yet the newspapers reported a successful christening at the time. Queen Victoria Did the Honors in England A few months later, on February 27, 1891, the New York Times published a dispatch from London describing how Queen Victoria had traveled to Portsmouth and christened a warship of the Royal Navy, with some help from electrical machinery. At the conclusion of the religious service the Queen touched a button protruding from a small electric machine which had been placed in front of the place where her Majesty was standing, and the traditional brightly beribboned bottle of champagne, detached by the current from its position over the bows of the Royal Arthur, crashed upon the vessel’s cutwater, the Queen exclaiming, â€Å"I name thee Royal Arthur. The Curse of Camilla In December 2007 news reports were not so sanguine when a Cunard liner named for Queen Victoria was christened. A reporter from USA Today noted: Camilla, the Duchess of Cornwall, the controversial wife of Englands Prince Charles, christened the 2,014-passenger ship earlier this month in an elaborate ceremony in Southampton, England that was marred only by the fact the champagne bottle didnt break - a bad omen in the superstitious seafaring trade. The first cruises of Cunards Queen Victoria were marred by outbreaks of viral illness, an intense vomiting bug, that afflicted passengers. The British press was buzzing with tales of The Curse of Camilla. In the modern world, its easy to scoff at superstitious sailors. But the people stricken aboard the Queen Victoria would probably put some stock into stories about ships and champagne bottles.

Creating an Environment Conducive to Learning Essay Example

Creating an Environment Conducive to Learning Essay Example Creating an Environment Conducive to Learning Paper Creating an Environment Conducive to Learning Paper Learning can occur in many settings, not just in the classroom. Accordingly, the term classroom in this book is used figuratively and includes a wide range of learning environments. Creating a positive learning environment is the cornerstone of effective teaching. In order for our students to succeed, they must first believe they can succeed. Students must have confidence in their abilities and they must feel that the teacher shares that confidence. A positive learning environment nurtures these feelings by allowing students to explore and expand their knowledge without undue risk or fear. A positive environment is fostered when learning outcomes and expectations are clearly communicated to the detent. Students have a wide range of learning needs and styles, and this diversity must be taken into account in employing a variety of teaching strategies. The size of the classroom, the arrangement of the furniture, the functioning of equipment and other physical aspects of the class all contribute to, or detract from, the learning environment. When these factors can be manipulated to be positive influences, an environment more conducive to learning will be created. Creating a positive learning environment is the cornerstone of effective teaching. As teachers we are accountable to our students, as well as to their future employers. We assist students to achieve course and program learning outcomes. The success of our efforts depends on our ability to create and maintain favorable instructional, physical and psychological learning environments. A positive learning environment is one in which all students have an equal opportunity to succeed. As conscientious teachers, we need to become aware of our own assumptions and guard against acting out our own biases. We must avoid creating or tolerating a climate in the classroom which in any way results in the unfair treatment of an individual because of his or her identity. Ecclesial order for learning to come accessible to a student, it needs to be presented in an atmosphere free from fear or humiliation. Students need clear expectations Of learning outcomes so they can measure these against the skills they already have in order to establish their learning goals. Students also require access to the physical resources necessary to achieve their learning goals. Qualitative academic standards can only be maintained within a learning atmosphere which honors the diversity and integrity of each individual, builds self- esteem, provides productive and purposeful learning activities, and prepares dents for responsible citizenship. Whatever level of motivation your students bring to the classroom will be transformed for better or worse, by what happens in that classroom. Department of Education and Early Childhood Development I From the day children are born, they enter a new and colorful world of discovery, where everything is new and unfamiliar. To get to know themselves, others and their worlds, they need to feel safe and confident. Creating rich, stimulating, engaging environments for them to explore will ensure that they are active participants in their own learning. The Early Learning and Child Care Curriculum is based on the vision all children can grow to their fullest potential with dignity, a sense of self worth, and a zest for living and learning. To reach this point requires a holistic approach to early learning and care, where all of the curriculum elements function in harmony with each another. The curriculum promotes healthy development by emphasizing responsive relationships, stimulating environments and learning through play. Based on up-to-date research on how to maximize childrens learning, the curriculum appeals to the uniqueness of each and every child. This factor contributes to the innovative nature of the curriculum, and allows its contents to be practiced across a variety of cultural, linguistic and social backgrounds. By implementing its teachings at the earliest age possible, children are prepared for a smoother transition into primary school, and given a foundation of learning that will support them throughout their lives-Caring and supportive relationships are fundamental when creating an environment that encourages healthy learning experiences for children. Positive relationships foster feelings of safety and trust that all children need n order to explore and experiment with confidence.

Mgt wk2 group assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mgt wk2 group assignment - Essay Example The aspects which are set to deliberated are of significant influence to all stakeholders. After discussing the below effects, you as members of the board of directors are expected to spread the outcome well. You can execute this duty by adapting the availability of the social media like newspapers, radios as well as television. This is because this information will be made to be of close access by all our braches worldwide. These branches are our own and therefore, should not be exempted in any case. The prime aspects that affect the firm include natural disasters; those calamities which usually take place without human interference, human related disasters and unexpected spillage of oil (Schmidt & Wilhelm, 2000). There are still other smaller factors. They do not influence the company’s production that much, but they will not evade being mentioned in this case. They can be readily exemplified by the sharing of the market with other competitive oil firms as well as inflation. The last two ones affect our firm in many ways, although they may appear minor. There are some oil companies which are also performing excellently. This means that like us, they have even spread wings abroad. We all have a similar purpose of ensuring that their oil products sell well around the globe. That is why we face a terrifically strong competition while presenting our commodities in the market. A business firm does anything to ensure that it realizes success. This is the reason why the companies in question mostly sell their products at throw-away prices at our expense. This mostly comes about after the inflation of oil products inclusive of petroleum (Schmidt & Wilhelm, 2000). In many parts of the world where our branches are located, we are mostly confronted by violent climatic and weather conditions. This comprises of uncontrollable phenomenon like rain. Whenever it rains, the ground becomes extremely soggy, and most of

Talk about science of astronomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Talk about science of astronomy - Essay Example It is from these humble beginnings that astronomy takes off to become one of the important sciences, as it provides the means to look back to the origin of all life including human kind, as well look forward to provide glimpses of what could happen in the future to the universe that we all live in. Early astronomy made known to the ancients the existence of five planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter besides the sun, moon and the stars with their visibility to the naked eye. To the Egyptians and the Chinese go the initial credits in astronomy. The Egyptians divided the stars into constellations, but in a different manner than what is known today, and the Chinese with their keen observation came to understand eclipses. However, early astronomy was affected significantly by the limitations of the vision of the naked eye. This gave rise to many fallacies that were to remain a part of early astronomy. These fallacies included the belief that the earth was flat and the earth was the centre of the universe, around which all other objects in space went round and round. That was what they saw and hence the believed it. It was not until development of astronomy in its true form, in Greece from approximately 600 B.C. onwards that there was a better understanding of the universe we lived. It was Aristotle who, based on his observations, suggested that the earth was round. Eratosthenes in 240 B.C. calculated the circumference of the earth, and Hipparchus drew up an accurate catalogue of the stars. Amidst these contributions from the Greeks was also the contribution of Ptolemy towards extending the false geo-centric belief, as he devised an ingenious system to explain observations on earth from a geo-centric perspective. The Church was to extend support to this theory and it remained in place for many centuries, right up to the fifteenth century. In the sixteenth century Nicolas Copernicus based on the observations of the movements of the sum moon and

Gendered Language in the Print Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gendered Language in the Print Media - Essay Example Similarly there are a lot of nouns which are not gender-specific. But at the same time there are three examples where a woman holding a particular post is denoted by a feminine term, like, chairwoman, businesswoman and spokeswoman, and another example of addressing as chairman. Actually, these are examples of gendered language in the print media. The proper way to address is calling them Chairperson, businessperson or spokesperson respectively. Similarly, wife and husband are commonly used, which can be substituted by spouse r better-half. 'Actor' and 'artist' has now become the common way to address male and female actors alike. Author, the word generally representing male writers, is being replaced by the word 'writer'. Authoress is rarely used to address female writers. Hawaii Pidgin English, Hawaii Creole English, or simply Pidgin, is a creole language based in part on English used by most "local" residents of Hawaii. Pidgin sounds very familiar, as it is partly English, but the roots are also from the Hawaiian language and the languages that were spoken by the plantation workers, who came to Hawaii in the 19th century. Pidgin has some Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese and other influences. The origins of pidgin and negative terms used to describe it have led to shaping attitudes toward the language and its speakers. Kachru (1992) notes that Local Varieties are often barely accepted in their own environment, where it seems that the interaction between language and that environment is not seen as an adequate reason for deviation from the metropolitan norm, the so-called Prestige Variety. Pidgin is a language, just as English is a language. There are social advantages to being able to speak pidgin, just as there are social advantages to being able to speak Standard English. There is plenty of room for pidgin and English to coexist peacefully and be mutually enriching. Hawaii Creole speakers have mixed feelings about the Creole language. Hawaii Creole has often been denigrated as a sub-standard form of English.

Response to the Movie Gallipoli Essay Example for Free

Response to the Movie Gallipoli Essay One of the interesting things about Australia’s history is that the nation was originally a colony of Great Britain. Over time they slowly acquired their independence without war or any kind of revolution, which is rare when looking through the past of many countries like the United States, Brazil and many other places. Although this might be seen as a good thing, the lack of a battle caused the nation’s identity to be pretty much nonexistent the following years after they were already considered their own nation. The movie Gallipoli illustrates how the World War I was important in helping Australia find their identity and create a sense of patriotism. Australian moviemaking had its highs and lows through the Twentieth Century. After the 1970’s, a new age of Australian films started to flow from the country and â€Å"historical films became the most visible internationally† (Bordwell 628). Gallipoli was a film made in 1981 by Peter Weir. The movie not only tells the story of two young men from Australia going to the war, but at also attempts to portray the Australian identity that many Australians had sought for many years. One of these identities is the mateship where today Australia is known. We can see that in the movie just by following the two main characters through their journey. Frank and Archy meet and suddenly they are best friends. Together, they move forward in the story and help each other to achieve common goals. When Frank joins the light horse because he finally reunites with Archy, his other â€Å"mates† get upset and do not approve of the fact that they are losing a friend. When they are reunited in the war zone, they are happy that they are together again. This goes on to display the whole idea of war and patriotism. The movie is also very clear when trying to show the several landscapes that Australia has to offer. We see the city, where the shots are not so wide so all the buildings are closer together giving an overcrowded feeling while in contrast we see the countryside where the viewer sees vast deserts. Right at the beginning where Archy is betting to race with one of the character, we see the desert and how it stretches for miles and miles, while racing he still goes through trees and a stream exposing the diversity one can find in Australia. There are also shots of mountains, those shots are very wide and portray the grandiosity of the country. We also see the relationship of Australians and the Indians represented by Archy’s friend from his hometown. In the movie we also see how joining the British to go to the war was a way of supporting Australia, reinforcing their patriotism and defending their country. One of the character says that the reason they area going to join the British in Turkey, is because â€Å"if we don’t stop them there, they will end up here† (Gallipoli 1981). The young men going to the war were happy that they were able to fight for the country. After they arrive at the beach in Gallipoli, we see them having fun, even though they are at a war zone and their lives are on the line. When they finally get to fight, we hear them shouting that they are doing this for Australia. Towards the end of the movie we see pride and dignity contrasting with and the suffering of being at the war. World War I was important in helping Australian creating their identity. The movie Gallipoli not only explores how the World War I was responsible in creating the Australian identity but also explore other national that today are a representation of that country, like of example the idea of mateship that today is worldwide know to be part of the Australian culture. The viewer also sees the richness of the Australian landscape like the cities, the countryside, and the nature with mountains, deserts, forests and rivers. The movie also shows how the war was important in enforcing their patriotism for their country by showing the young men going to war as happy as they can be, proud that they are able to fight for their country. It is ironic to see how Australia had a pacific independence however they were only able to find their identity after they went to fight in a war.

Meanings of research and types of research methodologies

Meanings of research and types of research methodologies Chapter 3. Research Methodology This chapter aims to describe the research methodology used in this study. The discussion initially focuses on some of the academic aspects relevant to research and its types, whereas, subsequently, pertinent research methodology used in this study will be discussed in detail. 3.1 Meanings of Research and Types of Research Methodologies Research can be defined as â€Å"the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to understand a phenomenon† Leedy, P. and Ormrod, J. (2001 cited in Williams, C. 2007). Similarly according to Oxford Dictionary ‘A search or investigation directed to the discovery of some fact by careful consideration or study of a subject; a course of critical or scientific enquiry, can be called as research. Thus, research can be argued as a systematic and well planned investigation for the purpose of exploring answers to various questions. In the same context research methodology can be defined as â€Å"the general approach the researcher takes in carrying out the research project† Leedy, P. and Ormrod, J. (2001 p.14). Hence, the research methodology in the context of this study will provide a plan to investigate the given research problem within the specified frameworks.   Broadly, the commonly used approaches for research can be categorized into quantitative, qualitative and mixed methodologies (Williams, C. 2007). Researchers typically select the quantitative approach to respond to research questions requiring numerical data, the qualitative approach for research questions requiring textural data, and the mixed methods approach for research questions requiring both numerical and textural data†. A brief introduction of these methodologies is given in the following paragraphs: 3.2 Quantitative Research According to (Williams, C. 2007) the Quantitative research was emerged in or around 1250 A.D to facilitate researchers in the analysis through quantification of data. Since then the same has overwhelmingly dominated the western cultural as the most frequently used research pattern for the creation of meanings and new knowledge. In the same context (Creswell, J. 2003 p.18) states that quantitative research â€Å"employ strategies of inquiry such as experimental and surveys, and collect data on predetermined instruments that yield statistical data. The findings from quantitative research can be predictive, explanatory, and confirming. It involves the collection of data so that information can be quantified and subjected to statistical treatment in order to support or refute alternate knowledge claims†. Thus quantitative research techniques are used to gather data/information from different reliable sources, which deal with numbers, statistics, charts, graphs and tables etc. The quantitative research can of different natures. In this context according to (Leedy, P. and Ormrod, J. 2001) â€Å" There are three broad classifications of quantitative research: descriptive, experimental and causal comparative†. Descriptive research involves identification of attributes of a particular phenomenon, where as experimental approach deals with investigates the treatment of an intervention into the study group and then measures the outcomes of the treatment. In comparative approach, the researcher examines the relationships between the variables. A brief comparison of distinct advantages and disadvantages of this research method is as under: Advantages and disadvantages of Quantitative research Advantages of Quantitative Research Disadvantages of Quantitative Research It is objective and can be measured so that comparisons can be made. Findings can be biased by researchers perspective. Researchers must therefore try to keep a ‘distance from their subjects they can use subjects unknown to them and should make no attempt to get to know their subjects other than to collect data from them. Methods, if explained in detail are generally very easy to replicate and so have a high reliability. Research often takes place in an unnatural setting the researchers create an artificial environment in an attempt to control all relevant variables. So, how sure can they be that the results which they obtain in the laboratory will also apply in the real world? Results can be reduced to a few numerical statistics and interpreted in a few short statements. Provides narrow, unrealistic information using measures which capture only a tiny proportion of the concept originally under study. This provokes a question of whether the research actually measures what the researcher claims it does. Hence, quantitative research has a low validity. It can provide information about program stakeholders who were overlooked initially. The results of quantitative research may be statistically significant but are often humanly insignificant. ‘Some things which are numerically precise are not true; and some things which are not numerical are true. The use of a survey instrument that collects data from all program stakeholders in the study may serve to correct the qualitative research problem of collecting data only from an elite group within the system being studies. Uses a static and rigid approach and so employs an inflexible process. Using quantitative assessment can correct for the holistic fallacy (the perception by the researcher that all aspects of a given situation are congruent, when in fact only those persons interviewed by the researcher may have held that particular view). Also the use of quantitative instruments can verify observations collected during informal field observations. Quantitative methods are simplifications of the qualitative methods and can only be meaningfully employed when qualitative methods have shown that a simplification of identified relations is possible. Research Methods (n.d) [online] Available at: http://www.cluteinstitute-onlinejournals.com/PDFs/200768.pdf 3.3 Qualitative research: Williams, C. (2007) describes qualitative research as â€Å"it is a holistic approach that involves discovery†. Qualitative research is also described as an unfolding model that occurs in a natural setting that enables the researcher to develop a level of detail from high involvement in the actual experiences (Creswell, J. W. 1994). Bryman, A. (2001) defines qualitative research as a â€Å"strategy that usually emphasizes words, feelings, perception, rather than quantification in the collection and analysis of data. It is intuitivist, constructionist, and interpretive, but qualitative researchers do not always subscribe to all three of these features..Qualitative Research tends to be concerned with words rather than numbers†. Several writers identified the features of qualitative research. Some of these cited in (Hoepfl, C. M. 1997) are as under: Qualitative research uses the natural setting as the source of data. The researcher acts as the â€Å"human instrument† of data collection. Qualitative researchers predominantly use inductive data analysis. Qualitative research reports are descriptive, incorporating expressive Language. Qualitative research has an interpretive character, aimed at discovering the meaning events have for the individuals who experience them, and the interpretations of those meanings by the researcher. Qualitative researchers pay attention to the idiosyncratic as well as the pervasive, seeking the uniqueness of each case. Qualitative research has an emergent (as opposed to predetermined) design, and researchers focus on this emerging process as well as the outcomes or product of the research. Qualitative research is judged using special criteria for trustworthiness. There are several different methods for conducting a qualitative research; however, Leedy, P. and Ormrod, J. (2001)recommend the following five: Case studies, grounded theory, ethnography, content analysis, and phenomenological.Creswell, J. (2003) defines that how these methods meet different needs. â€Å"For instance, case studies and the grounded theory research explore processes, activities, and events while ethnographic research analyses broad cultural-sharing behaviors of individuals or groups. Case studies as well as phenomenology can be used to study individuals†. 3.4 Grounded theory approach: In recent times, grounded theory approach has been very popular among social researchers engaged with small-scale research. (Allan, G. 2003) Stated that â€Å"Grounded Theory is a powerful research method for collecting and analysing research data. It was ‘discovered by (Glaser Strauss 1967) in the 1960s†. (Williams, C. 2007) defines the approach as â€Å"Grounded theory research is the process of collecting data, analyzing the data, and repeating the process, which is the format called constant comparative method. The data can be obtained from several sources such as interviewing participants or witnesses, reviewing historical videotapes or records, observations while on-site†. According to (Glaser and Strauss 1967, p.237) cited in (Douglas, D. 2003). there are four requirements for judging a good grounded theory as follows. Fit (does the theory fit the substantive area in which it will be used?) We can say that it is difficult to fit grounded theory in our subject area because of data compulsions and varying defence expenditure of all countries in the world. Understandability (will non-professionals concerned with the substantive area understand the theory? Because of confusion in the coding method, it is difficult to understand for non-professionals. Generalisability (does the theory apply to a wide range of situations in the substantive area?) As there is no general model of defence expenditures and it depends on the peace and war conditions of every country. So we can conclude that it is difficult to generalize it.   Control (does the theory allow the user some control over the â€Å"structure and process of daily situations as they change through time?†) It can be concluded that one cannot implement this theory on daily changing situations; hence theory gives no control to its users. Grounded theory has many limitations/Criticism as follows: Allan, G. (2003) stated that â€Å"The technique of coding by using Micro-analysis of data is difficult because of two reasons: firstly, it is very time consuming. Secondly, this method led to confusion, when divide the data into individual words†. To scale the larger concepts by using grounded theory is much difficult. Another criticism pointed out by Allan, G. (2003) is that â€Å"Grounded theory is a lack of rigour due to careless interview techniques and the introduction of bias†. In coding procedure actual meaning of the data may lose or disconnected. It is difficult in grounded theory analysis to present a wide picture because it is detailed procedure Advantages and disadvantages of Qualitative research: Advantages of Qualitative Research Disadvantages of Qualitative Research Provides depth and detail Fewer people studied usually. Less easily generalised as a result. Openness can generate new theories and recognize phenomena ignored by most or previous researchers and literature. Difficult to aggregate data and make systematic comparisons. Helps people to see the world view of those studies their categories, rather than imposing categories, simulates their experience of the world. Dependent upon researchers personal attributes and skills (also true with quantitative, but not as easy to evaluate their skills in conducting research with qualitative). Attempts to avoid pre-judgments Participation in setting can always change the social situation (although not participating can always change the social situation as well). It allows the researcher to describe existing phenomena and current situations. It can be very subjective as the researcher often includes personal experience and insight as part of the relevant data thus making complete objectivity an impossibility. It is useful in examining the totality of a unit a holistic approach. It has a very low reliability in that it is extremely difficult to replicate a piece of qualitative research due to the fact that it does not have a structured design or a standardized procedure. It yields results that can be helpful in pioneering new ground. Research Methods (n.d) [online] Available at: http://www.cluteinstitute-onlinejournals.com/PDFs/200768.pdf 3.5 Mixed methods: Tashakkori, A. and Teddlie, C. (2003) â€Å"discussed the mixed methods approach to research, which emerged in the mid-to-late 1900s†. They argued that â€Å"with the mixed methods approach to research, researchers incorporate methods of collecting or analyzing data from the quantitative and qualitative research approaches in a single research study† (Johnson, R. B. Onwuegbuzie, A. J. 2004). Similarly, according to (Parse, R 2003) the â€Å"Qualitative and quantitative research approaches are different in their ontologies, epistemologies, and methodologies, yet there are also exists similarities in both. They are alike in that when conducted according to appropriate designs; both inquiry approaches answer research questions that arise from the researchers interests which are a reflection of beliefs and values. Also, both approaches elicit evidence that enhances understanding of the phenomena under study†. Thus in case of mixed methods; researcher collects and analyzes the statistical data as well as narrative data, which is norm for quantitative research and qualitative research respectively in order to address the selected research questions. (Johnson, R. B. Onwuegbuzie, A. J. 2004) opines that â€Å"the goal for researchers using the mixed methods approach to research is to draw from the strengths and minimize the weaknesses of the quantitative and qualitative research approaches†. (Williams, C. 2007) concluded that â€Å"the mixed methods approach to research provides researchers with the ability to design a single research study that answers questions about both the complex nature of phenomenon from the participantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ point of view and the relationship between measurable variables†. 3.6 Reliability and Validity The validity and reliability of numerical/statistical data is important to conclude efficient results. In this context (Leedy, P. and Ormrod, J. 2001) argues that â€Å"validity and reliability are important components that affect correlation coefficients†. To understand the meaning of reliability and validity, it is important to present the different definitions of reliability and validity as under. According to Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2007) reliability means â€Å"whether or not the results of a study are repeatable.† Similarly, Joppe, M. (2000 p.1 cited in Golafshani, N. 2003) defines reliability in quantitative research as â€Å"The extent to which results are consistent over time and an accurate representation of the total population under study is referred to as reliability and if the results of a study can be reproduced under a similar methodology, then the research instrument is considered to be reliable†. Miles, M. B., and A. M. Huberman (1994 cited in Meyer, C. B. 2001) stated that â€Å"Reliability focuses on whether the process of the study is consistent and reasonably stable over time and across researchers and methods. Joppe, M. (2000 p.1 cited in Golafshani, N. 2003) provides the explanation of what validity is in quantitative research as â€Å"Validity determines whether the research truly measures that which it was intended to measure or how truthful the research results are†. Similarly according to (Bashir, M., et. al. 2008) the â€Å"Validity in qualitative research means the extent to which the data is plausible, credible and trustworthy; and thus can be defended when challenged†. Meyer, C. B. (2001) writes that â€Å"The problem with the validity criteria suggested in qualitative research is that there is little consistency across the articles as each author suggests a new set of criteria†. And â€Å"the problem of reliability in qualitative research is that differences between replicated studies using different researchers are to be expected†. The purpose of validity and reliability of the information will be ensured in this piece of work through previous studies/reports and reliable data bases i.e. Sipri yearbooks data, HDI official site data, data from OECE publications, UN data base and data from India/Pakistan budget. 3.7 Triangulation ‘Triangulation is used in qualitative research to improve the validity and reliability which involve the use of more than one research technique within a single study. In this context Patton (2001 p. 247 cited in Golafshani, N. 2003) advocates the use of triangulation by stating â€Å"triangulation strengthens a study by combining methods. This can mean using several kinds of methods or data, including using both quantitative and qualitative approaches†. Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (1998) writes that â€Å"In order to overcome few problems, the researcher will use a mixture of data sources which is called as ‘data triangulation to provide alternatives to justification†. This will help to increase the scope, depth and consistency in methodological proceedings (Flick, U. 2002). There are several methods of triangulation as (Burns, R.B. 2000 p. 420) describes various triangulation methods like â€Å"Environmental Triangulation, Investigator Triangulation, Theoretical Triangulation and Combined level of Triangulation†. (Golafshani, N. 2003) stated that â€Å"Triangulation is typically a strategy (test) for improving the validity and reliability of research or evaluation of findings. (Mathison, S. 1988 p.13) elaborates this by saying that â€Å"Triangulation has risen an important methodological issue in naturalistic and qualitative approaches to evaluation [in order to] control bias and establishing valid proposi tions because traditional scientific techniques are incompatible with this alternate epistemology†. The employment of qualitative techniques with triangulation would help increase the validity and reliability of this piece of research where appropriate. Data Collection 3.8 Primary Data The primary data is the type of data which is collected by the researcher for the specific purpose of answering the problem on hand. In other words the data observed or collected directly from firsthand experience is called primary data. Primary data can be gathered by different methods i.e. communication, interacting with respondents, observation methods, surveys, interviews, or through questionnaire. David, A. et al. (2003) stated that â€Å"The main advantage of this type of data is that the data collected is for a specific purpose and tailored for the problem†. More so one can gather un- biased and original data from this method. The main disadvantages of this method are: it may be costly, raw data, huge volume of population, large volume of data and time consuming. Questionnaires Survey is the common method conduct to collect primary data. 3.9 Secondary Data Secondary data come from studies previously performed by government agencies, trade associations, chambers of commerce and other organizations. Secondary data can also be found in local libraries, on the Web, books, government publications, periodicals as well as electronic databases, magazines and newspapers, are also great sources of secondary data.   Good marketing research should always start with secondary data. This data and information that already exist (Naresh, K. M. et. al. 2006). One of the advantages of secondary data is that it is often cheaper than doing primary research. In this context Morgan, D.L. (1993) argued that â€Å"The advantages of secondary research is that it can be much quicker and cheaper to access, where many companies may not able to have the resources to carry the research†. Another advantage of the existing data is that its saves time. Gilbert A., Churchill, Jr. (1995) has written that â€Å"The most significant advantages of secondary data are the cost and time economies they offer†. 3.10 The Research Paradigm for this Study According to Anderson (2004), the research methodologies can be broadly classified in to two types i.e. positivist and interpretive. Keeping in view the nature of this research the suggested methodology to be adopted is an interpretive one, as the data collection will involve the recording of the human emotions and feelings rather than the statistics and number. Research methodology for primary and secondary data is as follows; 3.11 Listen Read phonetically Dictionary View detailed dictionary Case study approach Adopting the case study approach to the research is very useful in this research study because conclusions based on data collected. This approach will reveal critical analysis  Ã‚   of recruitment and selection process as tool of diversity management .in the public sector organization in Pakistan, Yin (2002) suggests that the approach of case studies is very relevant if the researcher wants different sources of information not the single sources of information used to carry out the research. Thats exactly what this study attempts to achieve different aspects  Ã‚   of recruitment and selection process as a tool of diversity management in public sector organization in PakistanListen.Read phoneticall Dictionary View detailed dictionary 3.12 Approaching the organization and collection of data The main reason for choosing this topic is the fact that the author was an international student in London during the research. This allowed the author to carry out research on the public sector organization is one of the well known organizations in Pakistan, a country which belongs to the author. This allowed the author to conduct a comprehensive study on public sector organization. 3.13 Data Collection This is the second step in the search that once select the research problem has been chosen as the target organizations. William and Lisa (2006) states that the use of different sources to get data and the information from one approach was not discussed in an alternative approach. Two main sources of information primary and secondary data have been used to fulfill the requirements of this research.The main source of primary data for this study is represented in the interviews and questionnaires.Academic books, journals, articles magazines, newspapers, different libraries and electronic sources have been used including the British Library on the basis of secondary sources of information. 3.14 Primary Data The primary data of this research is represented in Questionnaires and Semi-structured interviews with HR manager, employees concerns human resources management and candidates to the  Ã‚   organisation. It is well known that the loss of respondents is high for questionnaires (Creswell, 1994). Therefore, it is important to clearly indicate the purpose of the interviews and the following questionnaire to participants before the interviews take place. 3.15 The Interviews An interview questions can be done in form of structured questions, already in place in advance or unstructured or semi-structured in-depth interviews are generally used. The advantages of interviews with concerns people that the interviewer can ask lots of questions, at the same time, questions may be more complex in nature because they can be cleaned with indistinctness during the course of the interview, however, also disadvantages, especially when the respondent is affected by the interviewer (Denscombe, 1998). This may be aspects of class, gender, race or other biases. In addition, the researcher could expect to be questioned about some of the interview and thus respond in this way consider ‘correct ‘or ‘acceptable. The general problems associated with the conduct of interviews, it is tedious (Hussey Hussey, 1997) Listen Read phonetically Dictionary View detailed dictionary Another way to conduct interviews by phone, the problem is that the answers are more penetrating and detailed than ever as is the case when they are interviewed in person. As is the case with personal interviews that the meeting has the potential to obtain responses from the highest quality possible to do so. Important when it comes to telephone interviews is that they must be limited in time. Additionally, questions can be quite complex due to difficulties in capturing the interest of respondents when it is not the situation facing. Advantages can be fast and cheap and the interview has the potential to clarify issues. To collect data for this study, face to face interviews and telephone interviews will be used. The interview with, HR managers and employees of the organization, everyone will be asked for their feedback in the process of recruitment and selection as a tool of diversity management evaluation. What are the main problems that employees face in this system? The interview will be conducted from HR manager and more than five employees of concern organisation Will better understand the Employee feedback their comments on the benchmarking process and what improvements can be made. Feedback from managers and employees to help understand the objectives of the recruitment and selection evaluation process and make changes to improve the process. 3.16 The Questionnaire At the end of interviews, questionnaires and the purpose of these questions will be given. This questionnaire consists of some of the biggest questions, divided into one part in several issues regarding recruitment and selection process as a tool of diversity management. What are the strategies and techniques are being used in concern department of human resources management to motivate and improve the process. In the end, respondents have the opportunity to write additional comments if they felt that something was overlooked during the interview or questionnaire. 3.17 Secondary Data The source of printing means of secondary data for this research articles, journals, academic books, magazines and concern organization website. There are many references to the British Library by the author. In addition, the library will be also used in the Kensington College of Business and online library of university of Wales as well. 3.18 Population/Sample size A total of seven interviews will be carried out to obtain primary data. Details of the interviews along with the important issues will be focused during the interviews are as under: Senior HR manager of the federal public service commission will be interviewed and acquired data accordingly for the purpose of this research. Candidates will be interviewed and nominations made by the Commission for various positions during the years 2004 to 2008. Gender-Wise distribution of Vacancies. Province / Region wise distribution of vacancies. Comparative Performance of Candidates from different regions and backgrounds. Gender wise marital status based configuration of candidates. Age group wise configuration of candidates. Educational background based configuration. Religion based configuration. Three interviews of the candidates registered with FPSC for the competitive examinations for induction into public services of Pakistan. Each of the three subjects represented male, female and non Muslim candidates representing their respective communities in the country.  Ã‚   Three interviews of the employees in public services of Pakistan. Each of the three subjects represented male, female and non Muslim employees representing their respective communities in the country.   Listen 3.19 Research Methodology Limitations: Being case study, the research has the limitations of the generalization i.e. the findings and results of the same will remain organisational specific. Hence, its application to other scenarios of the same nature may not sound reasonable. Furthermore, the consistency factor will be quite low, being based on personal observations and perspectives, therefore the repetition of the same study may not yield the same results. The reliability aspects will also be quite sensitive, as the employees are not likely to express their opinion in a candid manner against their organisation.